The Rayland plate. Relief from Copernicus GLO-30; rivers and lakes from USGS NHD; watersheds from the USGS Watershed Boundary Dataset; roads and city limits from Census TIGER 2024.
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85° on Nov. 15, 1956, the hottest reading for this week of the year since 1878. Next is 78° in 1958.
Rayland’s center stands about 680 ft above sea level. Within three miles the land runs from 630 ft to 1,220 ft, a difference of 590 ft: hilly country. The highest named summit within 15 miles is Sampson Hill, about 1,470 ft, 15 miles east-southeast.
Under the town center the state geologic map shows Conemaugh Group (shale, siltstone, mudstone), from the Carboniferous, 299 to 324 million years old.
The section below crosses 6 rock units mapped at the surface.
Heights every 0.1 mile from the Copernicus GLO-90 surface model; vertical exaggeration about 27×. The colored band under the surface is the rock the state geologic map shows at the surface, not a picture of what lies beneath.
Shale, siltstone, mudstone. Age: Carboniferous, 299 to 324 million years old. About 10 mi of the line.
Sandstone, siltstone, shale. Age: Carboniferous to Permian, 252 to 324 million years old. About 7 mi of the line.
Sandstone, siltstone, shale. Age: Carboniferous, 299 to 324 million years old. About 3 mi of the line.
Shale, siltstone, mudstone. Age: Carboniferous, 299 to 324 million years old. About 2 mi of the line.
Shale, siltstone, sandstone. Age: Carboniferous, 299 to 324 million years old. About 2 mi of the line.
Mudstone, shale, siltstone. Age: Carboniferous to Permian, 252 to 324 million years old. About 0.5 mi of the line.
From the USGS State Geologic Map Compilation (Horton and others, 2017), the states’ geologic maps joined at a common scale.
Heights from Copernicus GLO-90 (a surface model: it includes buildings and tree canopy); summits from USGS GNIS; rivers from USGS NHDPlus HR; rock from the USGS State Geologic Map Compilation.
A raindrop that lands in Rayland reaches the Gulf of America by way of Short Creek, the Ohio and the Mississippi: about 1,860 river miles.
970 miles of the trip are on the Mississippi.
Traced down the USGS NHDPlus V2.1 river network from the Census center point of Rayland; river miles along the main stem, rounded.
Rayland has a hot-summer humid continental climate. Summer afternoons average 83° in July; winter nights fall to about 22° in January. About 38 inches of rain fall in a normal year.
On November 14 Rayland normally reaches 52° and falls to 36°. The record high is 74°, in 1989; the record low 10°, in 1920. The most rain on this date, 1.10 in, fell in 1997.
Normals 1991–2020 and records since 1878 from the Wheeling Area threaded record (Wheeling Ohio County Airport, 3 miles east-southeast, 520 ft higher). NOAA, through RCC-ACIS.
