The Velma plate. Relief from Copernicus GLO-30; rivers and lakes from USGS NHD; watersheds from the USGS Watershed Boundary Dataset; roads and city limits from Census TIGER 2024.
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Velma’s center stands about 1,040 ft above sea level. Within three miles the land runs from 960 ft to 1,250 ft, a difference of 290 ft: rolling country. The highest named summit within 15 miles is Petticoat Hill, about 1,260 ft, 12 miles west-northwest.
Under the town center the state geologic map shows Garber Sandstone (sandstone, conglomerate), from the Permian, 252 to 299 million years old.
The section below crosses 8 rock units mapped at the surface.
Heights every 0.1 mile from the Copernicus GLO-90 surface model; vertical exaggeration about 53×. The colored band under the surface is the rock the state geologic map shows at the surface, not a picture of what lies beneath.
Sandstone, conglomerate. Age: Permian, 252 to 299 million years old. About 7 mi of the line.
Sandstone. Age: Permian, 252 to 299 million years old. About 6 mi of the line.
Shale, sandstone, conglomerate. Age: Permian, 252 to 299 million years old. About 5 mi of the line.
Shale, sandstone, siltstone. Age: Permian, 252 to 299 million years old. About 2 mi of the line.
Sandstone, conglomerate. Age: Permian, 252 to 299 million years old. About 1 mi of the line.
Coarse-detrital, fine-detrital. Age: Pleistocene, less than 2.6 million years old. About 1 mi of the line.
From the USGS State Geologic Map Compilation (Horton and others, 2017), the states’ geologic maps joined at a common scale. 2 smaller units along the line are not listed.
Heights from Copernicus GLO-90 (a surface model: it includes buildings and tree canopy); summits from USGS GNIS; rivers from USGS NHDPlus HR; rock from the USGS State Geologic Map Compilation.
A raindrop that lands in Velma reaches the Gulf of America by way of Wildhorse Creek, Sandy Bear Creek, the Washita, the Red River, the Atchafalaya and the Lower Atchafalaya: about 960 river miles.
680 miles of the trip are on the Red River.
Traced down the USGS NHDPlus V2.1 river network from the Census center point of Velma; river miles along the main stem, rounded.
