The Tonawanda Town plate. Relief from Copernicus GLO-30; rivers and lakes from USGS NHD; watersheds from the USGS Watershed Boundary Dataset; roads and city limits from Census TIGER 2024.
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8° on Nov. 15, 1933, the coldest reading for this week of the year since 1871. Next is 9° in 1967.
Tonawanda Town’s center stands about 620 ft above sea level. Within three miles the land runs from 560 ft to 630 ft, a difference of 70 ft: gently rolling country.
Under the town center the state geologic map shows Camillus, Syracuse, and Vernon Formations (shale), from the Silurian, 422 to 428 million years old.
The section below crosses 4 rock units mapped at the surface.
Heights every 0.1 mile from the Copernicus GLO-90 surface model; vertical exaggeration about 64×. The colored band under the surface is the rock the state geologic map shows at the surface, not a picture of what lies beneath.
Shale. Age: Silurian, 422 to 428 million years old. About 11 mi of the line.
Limestone. Age: Early Devonian to Middle Devonian, 388 to 410 million years old. About 7 mi of the line.
Black-shale. Age: Middle Devonian, 388 to 394 million years old. About 0.8 mi of the line.
Dolostone. Age: Silurian, 422 to 428 million years old. About 0.7 mi of the line.
From the USGS State Geologic Map Compilation (Horton and others, 2017), the states’ geologic maps joined at a common scale.
Heights from Copernicus GLO-90 (a surface model: it includes buildings and tree canopy); summits from USGS GNIS; rivers from USGS NHDPlus HR; rock from the USGS State Geologic Map Compilation.
A raindrop that lands in Tonawanda Town reaches Lake Ontario by way of Twomile Creek and the Niagara: about 30 river miles. From the lake it goes down the St. Lawrence to the Atlantic.
Traced down the USGS NHDPlus V2.1 river network from the Census center point of Tonawanda Town; river miles along the main stem, rounded.
Tonawanda Town has a warm-summer humid continental climate. Summer afternoons average 80° in July; winter nights fall to about 19° in January. A normal year brings about 95 inches of snow; with the rain, that comes to about 41 inches of water.
On November 14 Tonawanda Town normally reaches 48° and falls to 35°. The record high is 69°, in 1994; the record low 15°, in 1986. The most rain on this date, 1.93 in, fell in 1871.
Normals 1991–2020 and records since 1871 from the Buffalo Area threaded record (Buffalo Niagara International Airpor, 8 miles east-southeast). NOAA, through RCC-ACIS.
